Руководство FreeBSD

FreeBSD 4.10-RELEASE

cron
make world
inetd.conf
exports
boot0
boot2
/etc/ttys
adduser
rmuser
chpass
chpass
dump
dump
RSH
vnconfig
mdconfig
mdconfig
mdmfs
mdconfig
mdmfs
/etc/ttys
E:\>
E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:

root
# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0

% top

commit
make install
pkg_add
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/handbook/index.html
/usr/share/doc/ru_RU.KOI8-R/books/faq/index.html
C:
fdisk
tools
C:
D:
C:
D:
D:
C:
C:
>>>SHOW DEVICE
dka0.0.0.4.0               DKA0           TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57  3476
dkc0.0.0.1009.0            DKC0                       RZ1BB-BS  0658
dkc100.1.0.1009.0          DKC100             SEAGATE ST34501W  0015
dva0.0.0.0.1               DVA0
ewa0.0.0.3.0               EWA0              00-00-F8-75-6D-01
pkc0.7.0.1009.0            PKC0                  SCSI Bus ID 7  5.27
pqa0.0.0.4.0               PQA0                       PCI EIDE
pqb0.0.1.4.0               PQB0                       PCI EIDE

DKA0
DKC0
DKC100
DKx
DKA100
DKC300
PKx
DQx
PQx
floppies/
.flp
floppies/
kern.flp
mfsroot.flp
drivers.flp
README.TXT
.flp
fdimage
E:
E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:

.flp
.flp
fdimage
tools
# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0

/dev/fd0
A:
/dev/fd1
B:
Last Chance: Are you SURE you want continue the installation?

If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE
STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding!

We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents!

kern.flp
Verifying DMI Pool Data ........
Boot from ATAPI CD-ROM :
 1. FD 2.88MB  System Type-(00)
Uncompressing ... done

BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.01
Console: internal video/keyboard
BIOS drive A: is disk0
BIOS drive B: is disk1
BIOS drive C: is disk2
BIOS drive D: is disk3
BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory

FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 0.8

/kernel text=0x277391 data=0x3268c+0x332a8 |

|
Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt.
Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _

Verifying DMI Pool Data ........

BTX loader 1.00  BTX version is 1.01
Console: internal video/keyboard
BIOS drive A: is disk0
BIOS drive C: is disk1 
BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory 

FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 0.8 
/kernel text=0x277391 data=0x3268c+0x332a8 |

Please insert MFS root floppy and press enter:

kern.flp
mfsroot.flp
Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt.
Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _

kern.flp
>>>BOOT DVA0 -FLAGS '' -FILE ''

>>>BOOT DKA0 -FLAGS '' -FILE ''

Please insert MFS root floppy and press enter:

kern.flp
mfsroot.flp
Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt.
Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _

sa
sio
sc0
atkbd0
atkbd0
Save these parameters before exiting? ([Y]es/[N]o/[C]ancel)

avail memory = 253050880 (247120K bytes)
Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0817000.
Preloaded mfs_root "/mfsroot" at 0xc0817084.
md0: Preloaded image </mfsroot> 4423680 bytes at 0xc03ddcd4

md1: Malloc disk
Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60
npx0: <math processor> on motherboard   
npx0: INT 16 interface   
pcib0: <Host to PCI bridge> on motherboard
pci0: <PCI bus> on pcib0
pcib1:<VIA 82C598MVP (Apollo MVP3) PCI-PCI (AGP) bridge> at device 1.0 on pci0
pci1: <PCI bus> on pcib1
pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11
isab0: <VIA 82C586 PCI-ISA bridge> at device 7.0 on pci0
isa0: <iSA bus> on isab0
atapci0: <VIA 82C586 ATA33 controller> port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0
ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0
ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0
uhci0 <VIA 83C572 USB controller> port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci
0
usb0: <VIA 83572 USB controller> on uhci0
usb0: USB revision 1.0
uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr1
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
pci0: <unknown card> (vendor=0x1106, dev=0x3040) at 7.3
dc0: <ADMtek AN985 10/100BaseTX> port 0xe800-0xe8ff mem 0xdb000000-0xeb0003ff ir
q 11 at device 8.0 on pci0
dc0: Ethernet address: 00:04:5a:74:6b:b5
miibus0: <MII bus> on dc0
ukphy0: <Generic IEEE 802.3u media interface> on miibus0
ukphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto
ed0: <NE2000 PCI Ethernet (RealTek 8029)> port 0xec00-0xec1f irq 9 at device 10.
0 on pci0
ed0 address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit)
isa0: too many dependant configs (8)
isa0: unexpected small tag 14
orm0: <Option ROM> at iomem 0xc0000-0xc7fff on isa0
fdc0: <NEC 72065B or clone> at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq2 on isa0
fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold
fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0
atkbdc0: <Keyboard controller (i8042)> at port 0x60,0x64 on isa0
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> flags 0x1 irq1 on atkbdc0
kbd0 at atkbd0
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0
psm0: model Generic PS/@ mouse, device ID 0
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300>
sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0
sio0: type 16550A
sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0
sio1: type 16550A
ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0
pppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold
plip0: <PLIP network interface> on ppbus0
ad0: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata0-master UDMA33
acd0: CD-RW <LITE-ON LTR-1210B> at ata1-slave PIO4
Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
/stand/sysinstall running as init on vty0

                      User Confirmation Requested
         Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot
           (be sure to remove any floppies from the drives).

                            [ Yes ]    No

mfsroot.flp
kern.flp
                                 Message
 In the next menu, you will need to set up a DOS-style ("fdisk")
 partitioning scheme for your hard disk. If you simply wish to devote
 all disk space to FreeBSD (overwriting anything else that might be on
 the disk(s) selected) then use the (A)ll command to select the default
 partitioning scheme followed by a (Q)uit. If you wish to allocate only
 free space to FreeBSD, move to a partition marked "unused" and use the
 (C)reate command. 
                                [  OK  ] 

                      [ Press enter or space ]

ad0
ad2
ad1
ad0
ad1
ad1
ad1
ad2
ad1s1a
ad2
ad0
ad1
ad0
ad2
C:
/
/
/var
/var
/usr
/usr
/
/diskn
                                 Message
 Now, you need to create BSD partitions inside of the fdisk
 partition(s) just created. If you have a reasonable amount of disk
 space (200 MB or more) and don't have any special requirements, simply
 use the (A)uto command to allocate space automatically. If you have
 more specific needs or just don't care for the layout chosen by
 (A)uto, press F1 for more information on manual layout.  

                                [  OK  ]
                          [ Press enter or space ]

/tmp
/
/
/
/
/usr
                         User Confirmation Requested
 Would you like to install the FreeBSD ports collection? 

 This will give you ready access to over 10,500 ported software packages,
 at a cost of around 300 MB of disk space when "clean" and possibly much
 more than that if a lot of the distribution tarballs are loaded
 (unless you have the extra CDs from a FreeBSD CD/DVD distribution
 available and can mount it on /cdrom, in which case this is far less
 of a problem). 

 The ports collection is a very valuable resource and well worth having
 on your /usr partition, so it is advisable to say Yes to this option. 

 For more information on the ports collection & the latest ports,
 visit: 
     http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports  

                              [ Yes ]     No

ftp.FreeBSD.org
foo.example.com
/pub/FreeBSD
ftp.FreeBSD.org
foo.example.com
ftp.FreeBSD.org
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Last Chance! Are you SURE you want to continue the installation? 

 If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE
 STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding! 

 We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents!  

                             [ Yes ]    No

                               Message 

Congratulations! You now have FreeBSD installed on your system. 

We will now move on to the final configuration questions. 
For any option you do not wish to configure, simply select No. 

If you wish to re-enter this utility after the system is up, you may
do so by typing: /stand/sysinstall .  

                                 [ OK ] 

                      [  Press enter to continue  ]

                                Message
Installation complete with some errors.  You may wish to scroll
through the debugging messages on VTY1 with the scroll-lock feature. 
You can also choose "No" at the next prompt and go back into the
installation menus to retry whichever operations have failed. 

                                 [ OK ]

/stand/sysinstall
                      User Confirmation Requested 
   Would you like to configure any Ethernet or SLIP/PPP network devices?

                             [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
       Do you want to try IPv6 configuration of the interface?

                              Yes   [ No ]

                             User Confirmation Requested 
        Do you want to try DHCP configuration of the interface?

                              Yes   [ No ]

k6-2.example.com
example.com
208.163.10.2
192.168.0.1
192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255
255.255.255.0
ifconfig
                      User Confirmation Requested 
        Would you like to Bring Up the ed0 interface right now?

                             [ Yes ]   No

                       User Confirmation Requested 
       Do you want this machine to function as a network gateway?

                              [ Yes ]    No

                      User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to configure inetd and the network services that it provides?

                               Yes   [ No ]

/etc/inetd.conf
                      User Confirmation Requested
The Internet Super Server (inetd) allows a number of simple Internet
services to be enabled, including finger, ftp and telnetd.  Enabling
these services may increase risk of security problems by increasing
the exposure of your system.

With this in mind, do you wish to enable inetd?

                             [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested
inetd(8) relies on its configuration file, /etc/inetd.conf, to determine
which of its Internet services will be available.  The default FreeBSD
inetd.conf(5) leaves all services disabled by default, so they must be
specifically enabled in the configuration file before they will
function, even once inetd(8) is enabled.  Note that services for
IPv6 must be separately enabled from IPv4 services.

Select [Yes] now to invoke an editor on /etc/inetd.conf, or [No] to
use the current settings.

                             [ Yes ]   No

inetd.conf
                      User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to have anonymous FTP access to this machine? 

                              Yes    [ No ]

This screen allows you to configure the anonymous FTP user.

The following configuration values are editable:

UID:     The user ID you wish to assign to the anonymous FTP user.
         All files uploaded will be owned by this ID.

Group:   Which group you wish the anonymous FTP user to be in.

Comment: String describing this user in /etc/passwd

FTP Root Directory:

        Where files available for anonymous FTP will be kept.

Upload subdirectory:

        Where files uploaded by anonymous FTP users will go.

/var
/usr
/usr/ftp
                          User Confirmation Requested 
         Create a welcome message file for anonymous FTP users?

                              [ Yes ]    No

ee
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS server? 

                              Yes    [ No ]

exports
                               Message
Operating as an NFS server means that you must first configure an
/etc/exports file to indicate which hosts are allowed certain kinds of
access to your local filesystems.
Press [Enter] now to invoke an editor on /etc/exports
                               [ OK ]

exports
exports
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS client? 

                              Yes   [ No ]

/etc/rc.conf
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to select a default security profile for this host (select
 No for "medium" security)? 

                            [ Yes ]    No

                                 Message

Moderate security settings have been selected.

Sendmail and SSHd have been enabled, securelevels are
disabled, and NFS server setting have been left intact.
PLEASE NOTE that this still does not save you from having
to properly secure your system in other ways or exercise
due diligence in your administration, this simply picks
a standard set of out-of-box defaults to start with.

To change any of these settings later, edit /etc/rc.conf

                                  [OK]

                                 Message

Extreme security settings have been selected.

Sendmail, SSHd, and NFS services have been disabled, and
securelevels have been enabled.
PLEASE NOTE that this still does not save you from having
to properly secure your system in other ways or exercise
due diligence in your administration, this simply picks
a more secure set of out-of-box defaults to start with.

To change any of these settings later, edit /etc/rc.conf

                                  [OK]

                      User Confirmation Requested 
       Would you like to customize your system console settings?

                              [ Yes ]  No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
          Would you like to set this machine's time zone now?

                            [ Yes ]   No

                       User Confirmation Requested
 Is this machine's CMOS clock set to UTC? If it is set to local time
 or you don't know, please choose NO here! 

                              Yes   [ No ]

                            Confirmation 
            Does the abbreviation 'EDT' look reasonable?

                            [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
          Would you like to enable Linux binary compatibility?

                            [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
         Does this system have a non-USB mouse attached to it?

                            [ Yes ]    No

/etc/rc.conf
-a /.amd_mnt -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map /net /etc/amd.map

/.amd_mnt
log
/host
/net
/etc/amd.map
net/pcnfsd
rpcbind
/var/db/statd.status
rwhod
root
x11/wrapper
                      User Confirmation Requested 
        Would you like to configure your X server at this time?

                            [ Yes ]   No

/stand/sysinstall
                                Message
 You have configured and been running the mouse daemon. 
 Choose "/dev/sysmouse" as the mouse port and "SysMouse" or
 "MouseSystems" as the mouse protocol in the X configuration utility. 

                                 [ OK ]

                      [ Press enter to continue ]

This program will create a basic XF86Config file, based on menu selections you
make.

The XF86Config file usually resides in /usr/X11R6/etc/X11 or /etc/X11. A sample
XF86Config file is supplied with XFree86; it is configured for a standard
VGA card and monitor with 640x480 resolution. This program will ask for a
pathname when it is ready to write the file.

You can either take the sample XF86Config as a base and edit it for your
configuration, or let this program produce a base XF86Config file for your
configuration and fine-tune it.

Before continuing with this program, make sure you know what video card
you have, and preferably also the chipset it uses and the amount of video
memory on your video card. SuperProbe may be able to help with this.

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

/dev/sysmouse
First specify a mouse protocol type. Choose one from the following list:

 1.  Microsoft compatible (2-button protocol)
 2.  Mouse Systems (3-button protocol) & FreeBSD moused protocol
 3.  Bus Mouse
 4.  PS/2 Mouse
 5.  Logitech Mouse (serial, old type, Logitech protocol)
 6.  Logitech MouseMan (Microsoft compatible)
 7.  MM Series
 8.  MM HitTablet
 9.  Microsoft IntelliMouse

If you have a two-button mouse, it is most likely of type 1, and if you have
a three-button mouse, it can probably support both protocol 1 and 2. There are
two main varieties of the latter type: mice with a switch to select the
protocol, and mice that default to 1 and require a button to be held at
boot-time to select protocol 2. Some mice can be convinced to do 2 by sending
a special sequence to the serial port (see the ClearDTR/ClearRTS options).

Enter a protocol number: 2

You have selected a Mouse Systems protocol mouse. If your mouse is normally
in Microsoft-compatible mode, enabling the ClearDTR and ClearRTS options
may cause it to switch to Mouse Systems mode when the server starts.

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want to enable ClearDTR and ClearRTS? n

You have selected a three-button mouse protocol. It is recommended that you
do not enable Emulate3Buttons, unless the third button doesn't work.

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want to enable Emulate3Buttons? y

Now give the full device name that the mouse is connected to, for example
/dev/tty00. Just pressing enter will use the default, /dev/mouse.
On FreeBSD, the default is /dev/sysmouse.

Mouse device: /dev/sysmouse

Please select one of the following keyboard types that is the better
description of your keyboard. If nothing really matches,
choose 1 (Generic 101-key PC)

  1  Generic 101-key PC                                
  2  Generic 102-key (Intl) PC                         
  3  Generic 104-key PC                                
  4  Generic 105-key (Intl) PC                         
  5  Dell 101-key PC                                   
  6  Everex STEPnote                                   
  7  Keytronic FlexPro                                 
  8  Microsoft Natural                                 
  9  Northgate OmniKey 101                             
 10  Winbook Model XP5                                 
 11  Japanese 106-key                                  
 12  PC-98xx Series                                    
 13  Brazilian ABNT2                                   
 14  HP Internet                                       
 15  Logitech iTouch                                   
 16  Logitech Cordless Desktop Pro                     
 17  Logitech Internet Keyboard                        
 18  Logitech Internet Navigator Keyboard              
 19  Compaq Internet                                   
 20  Microsoft Natural Pro                             
 21  Genius Comfy KB-16M                               
 22  IBM Rapid Access                                  
 23  IBM Rapid Access II                               
 24  Chicony Internet Keyboard                         
 25  Dell Internet Keyboard                            

Enter a number to choose the keyboard.

1

Please select the layout corresponding to your keyboard

  1  U.S. English                                      
  2  U.S. English w/ ISO9995-3                         
  3  U.S. English w/ deadkeys                          
  4  Albanian                                          
  5  Arabic                                            
  6  Armenian                                          
  7  Azerbaidjani                                      
  8  Belarusian                                        
  9  Belgian                                           
 10  Bengali                                           
 11  Brazilian                                         
 12  Bulgarian                                         
 13  Burmese                                           
 14  Canadian                                          
 15  Croatian                                          
 16  Czech                                             
 17  Czech (qwerty)                                    
 18  Danish                                            

Enter a number to choose the country.
Press enter for the next page

1

Please enter a variant name for 'us' layout. Or just press enter
for default variant

us

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want to select additional XKB options (group switcher,
group indicator, etc.)? n

Now we want to set the specifications of the monitor. The two critical
parameters are the vertical refresh rate, which is the rate at which the
whole screen is refreshed, and most importantly the horizontal sync rate,
which is the rate at which scanlines are displayed.

The valid range for horizontal sync and vertical sync should be documented
in the manual of your monitor. If in doubt, check the monitor database
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/Monitors to see if your monitor is there.

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

You must indicate the horizontal sync range of your monitor. You can either
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
standard monitor types, or give a specific range.

It is VERY IMPORTANT that you do not specify a monitor type with a horizontal
sync range that is beyond the capabilities of your monitor. If in doubt,
choose a conservative setting.

    hsync in kHz; monitor type with characteristic modes
 1  31.5; Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60 Hz
 2  31.5 - 35.1; Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
 3  31.5, 35.5; 8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600)
 4  31.5, 35.15, 35.5; Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
 5  31.5 - 37.9; Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72 Hz
 6  31.5 - 48.5; Non-Interlaced SVGA, 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz
 7  31.5 - 57.0; High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz
 8  31.5 - 64.3; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz
 9  31.5 - 79.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz
10  31.5 - 82.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz
11  Enter your own horizontal sync range

Enter your choice (1-11): 6

You must indicate the vertical sync range of your monitor. You can either
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
standard monitor types, or give a specific range. For interlaced modes,
the number that counts is the high one (e.g. 87 Hz rather than 43 Hz).

 1  50-70
 2  50-90
 3  50-100
 4  40-150
 5  Enter your own vertical sync range

Enter your choice: 2

You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
in default names.

The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
Enter an identifier for your monitor definition: Hitachi

Now we must configure video card specific settings. At this point you can
choose to make a selection out of a database of video card definitions.
Because there can be variation in Ramdacs and clock generators even
between cards of the same model, it is not sensible to blindly copy
the settings (e.g. a Device section). For this reason, after you make a
selection, you will still be asked about the components of the card, with
the settings from the chosen database entry presented as a strong hint.

The database entries include information about the chipset, what driver to
run, the Ramdac and ClockChip, and comments that will be included in the
Device section. However, a lot of definitions only hint about what driver
to run (based on the chipset the card uses) and are untested.

If you can't find your card in the database, there's nothing to worry about.
You should only choose a database entry that is exactly the same model as
your card; choosing one that looks similar is just a bad idea (e.g. a
GemStone Snail 64 may be as different from a GemStone Snail 64+ in terms of
hardware as can be).

Do you want to look at the card database? y

288  Matrox Millennium G200 8MB                        mgag200
289  Matrox Millennium G200 SD 16MB                    mgag200
290  Matrox Millennium G200 SD 4MB                     mgag200
291  Matrox Millennium G200 SD 8MB                     mgag200
292  Matrox Millennium G400                            mgag400
293  Matrox Millennium II 16MB                         mga2164w
294  Matrox Millennium II 4MB                          mga2164w
295  Matrox Millennium II 8MB                          mga2164w
296  Matrox Mystique                                   mga1064sg
297  Matrox Mystique G200 16MB                         mgag200
298  Matrox Mystique G200 4MB                          mgag200
299  Matrox Mystique G200 8MB                          mgag200
300  Matrox Productiva G100 4MB                        mgag100
301  Matrox Productiva G100 8MB                        mgag100
302  MediaGX                                           mediagx
303  MediaVision Proaxcel 128                          ET6000
304  Mirage Z-128                                      ET6000
305  Miro CRYSTAL VRX                                  Verite 1000

Enter a number to choose the corresponding card definition.
Press enter for the next page, q to continue configuration.

288

Your selected card definition:

Identifier: Matrox Millennium G200 8MB
Chipset:    mgag200
Driver:     mga
Do NOT probe clocks or use any Clocks line.

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

Now you must give information about your video card. This will be used for
the "Device" section of your video card in XF86Config.

You must indicate how much video memory you have. It is probably a good
idea to use the same approximate amount as that detected by the server you
intend to use. If you encounter problems that are due to the used server
not supporting the amount memory you have (e.g. ATI Mach64 is limited to
1024K with the SVGA server), specify the maximum amount supported by the
server.

How much video memory do you have on your video card:

 1  256K
 2  512K
 3  1024K
 4  2048K
 5  4096K
 6  Other

Enter your choice: 6

Amount of video memory in Kbytes: 8192

You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
in default names (possibly from a card definition).

Your card definition is Matrox Millennium G200 8MB.

The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
Enter an identifier for your video card definition:

For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
Currently it is set to:

"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8-bit
"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 16-bit
"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24-bit

Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
be automatically skipped by the server.

 1  Change the modes for 8-bit (256 colors)
 2  Change the modes for 16-bit (32K/64K colors)
 3  Change the modes for 24-bit (24-bit color)
 4  The modes are OK, continue.

Enter your choice: 2

Select modes from the following list:

 1  "640x400"
 2  "640x480"
 3  "800x600"
 4  "1024x768"
 5  "1280x1024"
 6  "320x200"
 7  "320x240"
 8  "400x300"
 9  "1152x864"
 a  "1600x1200"
 b  "1800x1400"
 c  "512x384"

Please type the digits corresponding to the modes that you want to select.
For example, 432 selects "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480", with a
default mode of 1024x768.

Which modes? 432

You can have a virtual screen (desktop), which is screen area that is larger
than the physical screen and which is panned by moving the mouse to the edge
of the screen. If you don't want virtual desktop at a certain resolution,
you cannot have modes listed that are larger. Each color depth can have a
differently-sized virtual screen

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen? n

For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
Currently it is set to:

"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8-bit
"1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 16-bit
"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24-bit

Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
be automatically skipped by the server.

 1  Change the modes for 8-bit (256 colors)
 2  Change the modes for 16-bit (32K/64K colors)
 3  Change the modes for 24-bit (24-bit color)
 4  The modes are OK, continue.

Enter your choice: 4

Please specify which color depth you want to use by default:

  1  1 bit (monochrome)                                
  2  4 bits (16 colors)                                
  3  8 bits (256 colors)                               
  4  16 bits (65536 colors)                            
  5  24 bits (16 million colors)                       

Enter a number to choose the default depth.

4

/etc/XF86Config
I am going to write the XF86Config file now. Make sure you don't accidently
overwrite a previously configured one.

Shall I write it to /etc/X11/XF86Config? y

          User Confirmation Requested
The XFree86 configuration process seems to have
failed.  Would you like to try again?

             [ Yes ]         No

xf86cfg -textmode
xf86config
root
/stand/sysinstall
                     User Confirmation Requested
 The FreeBSD package collection is a collection of hundreds of
 ready-to-run applications, from text editors to games to WEB servers
 and more. Would you like to browse the collection now? 

                            [ Yes ]   No

root
root
                     User Confirmation Requested
 Would you like to add any initial user accounts to the system? Adding
 at least one account for yourself at this stage is suggested since
 working as the "root" user is dangerous (it is easy to do things which
 adversely affect the entire system). 

                            [ Yes ]   No

/bin/sh
/bin/sh
/usr/local/bin/bash
/bin/tcsh
wheel
root
/stand/sysinstall
root
                        Message
 Now you must set the system manager's password.  
 This is the password you'll use to log in as "root". 

                         [ OK ] 

               [ Press enter to continue ]

root
Changing local password for root. 
New password : 
Retype new password :

/stand/sysinstall
                     User Confirmation Requested
 Visit the general configuration menu for a chance to set any last
 options? 

                              Yes   [ No ]

                     User Confirmation Requested
 Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot (be sure to  
 remove any floppies from the drives). 

                            [ Yes ]   No

dmesg
rpratt
root
Copyright (c) 1992-2002 The FreeBSD Project. 
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
        The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 

Timecounter "i8254"  frequency 1193182 Hz
CPU: AMD-K6(tm) 3D processor (300.68-MHz 586-class CPU)
  Origin = "AuthenticAMD"  Id = 0x580  Stepping = 0
  Features=0x8001bf<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,MCE,CX8,MMX> 
  AMD Features=0x80000800<SYSCALL,3DNow!> 
real memory  = 268435456 (262144K bytes) 
config> di sn0 
config> di lnc0 
config> di le0 
config> di ie0 
config> di fe0 
config> di cs0 
config> di bt0  
config> di aic0 
config> di aha0 
config> di adv0 
config> q 
avail memory = 256311296 (250304K bytes)
Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0491000. 
Preloaded userconfig_script "/boot/kernel.conf" at 0xc049109c. 
md0: Malloc disk 
Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60
npx0: <math processor> on motherboard 
npx0: INT 16 interface 
pcib0: <Host to PCI bridge> on motherboard 
pci0: <PCI bus> on pcib0 
pcib1: <VIA 82C598MVP (Apollo MVP3) PCI-PCI (AGP) bridge> at device 1.0 on pci0 
pci1: <PCI bus> on pcib1 
pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11 
isab0: <VIA 82C586 PCI-ISA bridge> at device 7.0 on pci0 
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0 
atapci0: <VIA 82C586 ATA33 controller> port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0 
ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0 
ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0 
uhci0: <VIA 83C572 USB controller> port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci0 
usb0: <VIA 83C572 USB controller> on uhci0 
usb0: USB revision 1.0 
uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1 
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered 
chip1: <VIA 82C586B ACPI interface> at device 7.3 on pci0 
ed0: <NE2000 PCI Ethernet (RealTek 8029)> port 0xe800-0xe81f irq 9 at
device 10.0 on pci0 
ed0: address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit) 
isa0: too many dependant configs (8) 
isa0: unexpected small tag 14 
fdc0: <NEC 72065B or clone> at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq 2 on isa0
fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold 
fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0 
atkbdc0: <keyboard controller (i8042)> at port 0x60-0x64 on isa0 
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> flags 0x1 irq 1 on atkbdc0 
kbd0 at atkbd0 
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0 
psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0 
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x1 on isa0 
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300> 
sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0 
sio0: type 16550A 
sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0 
sio1: type 16550A 
ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0 
ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode 
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold 
ppbus0: IEEE1284 device found /NIBBLE
Probing for PnP devices on ppbus0: 
plip0: <PLIP network interface> on ppbus0 
lpt0: <Printer> on ppbus0 
lpt0: Interrupt-driven port 
ppi0: <Parallel I/O> on ppbus0
ad0: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata0-master using UDMA33 
ad2: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata1-master using UDMA33 
acd0: CDROM <DELTA OTC-H101/ST3 F/W by OIPD> at ata0-slave using PIO4 
Mounting root from ufs:/dev/ad0s1a 
swapon: adding /dev/ad0s1b as swap device 
Automatic boot in progress... 
/dev/ad0s1a: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS 
/dev/ad0s1a: clean, 48752 free (552 frags, 6025 blocks, 0.9% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1f: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS 
/dev/ad0s1f: clean, 128997 free (21 frags, 16122 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1g: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
/dev/ad0s1g: clean, 3036299 free (43175 frags, 374073 blocks, 1.3% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1e: filesystem CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS 
/dev/ad0s1e: clean, 128193 free (17 frags, 16022 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
Doing initial network setup: hostname. 
ed0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
        inet6 fe80::5054::5ff::fede:731b%ed0 prefixlen 64 tentative scopeid 0x1
        ether 52:54:05:de:73:1b
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384 
        inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x8 
        inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 
        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 
Additional routing options: IP gateway=YES TCP keepalive=YES
routing daemons:. 
additional daemons: syslogd. 
Doing additional network setup:. 
Starting final network daemons: creating ssh RSA host key 
Generating public/private rsa1 key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key. 
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub. 
The key fingerprint is: 
cd:76:89:16:69:0e:d0:6e:f8:66:d0:07:26:3c:7e:2d root@k6-2.example.com
 creating ssh DSA host key 
Generating public/private dsa key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key. 
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub. 
The key fingerprint is: 
f9:a1:a9:47:c4:ad:f9:8d:52:b8:b8:ff:8c:ad:2d:e6 root@k6-2.example.com.
setting ELF ldconfig path: /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib
/usr/local/lib 
a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout 
starting standard daemons: inetd cron sshd usbd sendmail.
Initial rc.i386 initialization:. 
rc.i386 configuring syscons: blank_time screensaver moused. 
Additional ABI support: linux. 
Local package initialization:. 
Additional TCP options:. 

FreeBSD/i386 (k6-2.example.com) (ttyv0)

login: rpratt 
Password:

startx
>>>BOOT DKC0

>>> SET BOOT_OSFLAGS A
>>> SET BOOT_FILE ''
>>> SET BOOTDEF_DEV DKC0
>>> SET AUTO_ACTION BOOT

su
root
wheel
root
shutdown -h
now
The operating system has halted. 
Please press any key to reboot.

HARDWARE.TXT
sc0
Q
tools
# mount_msdos /dev/ad0s1 /mnt

dmesg
mount
/dev/ad0s1
/dev/ad0s2
/dev/ad0s3
kern.flp
# mount /dev/fd0 /mnt

/mnt
# cd /mnt

boot.config
# echo "/boot/loader -h" > boot.config

# cd /
# umount /mnt

kern.flp
# cu -l /dev/cuaa0

cu
mfsroot.flp
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ISO-IMAGES-архитектура/версия
версия-mini.iso
версия-disc1.iso
версия-disc2.iso
/cdrom
# mount /cdrom

/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd
ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent

/etc/inetd.conf
bin
FORMAT
A:
disklabel
newfs
# fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440
# disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3
# newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/fd0

a:\bin\bin.aa
a:\bin\bin.ab
freebsd
c:\freebsd
xcopy
C:\> md c:\freebsd
C:\> xcopy e:\bin c:\freebsd\bin\ /s
C:\> xcopy e:\manpages c:\freebsd\manpages\ /s

C:
E:
c:\freebsd
# cd /freebsd/distdir
# tar cvf /dev/rwt0 dist1 ... dist2

dial
set log local
...
ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD
ziggy
/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD
/usr
/usr/archive/stuff
/etc/exports
Additional ABI support:.
Local package initialization:.
Additional TCP options:.

Fri Sep 20 13:01:06 EEST 2002

FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)

login:

FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)

pc3.example.org
ttyv0
login:

login:

john
login: john
Password:

john
/etc/ttys
/etc/ttys
# name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
ttyv0   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
# Virtual terminals
ttyv1   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv2   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv3   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv4   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv5   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv6   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv7   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv8   "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon"  xterm   off secure

/etc/ttys
# name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
# If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
# when going to single-user mode.
console none                            unknown off secure

root
root
ls -l
% ls -l
total 530
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 myfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 otherfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    7680 Sep  5 12:31 email.txt
...

ls -l
-rw-r--r--

/dev
cd
% chmod go= FILE

% chmod go-w,a+x FILE

/usr
/var
/mnt
/cdrom
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
/
/bin/
/boot/
/boot/defaults/
/dev/
/etc/
/etc/defaults/
/etc/mail/
/etc/namedb/
named
/etc/periodic/
/etc/ppp/
ppp
/mnt/
/proc/
/root/
root
/sbin/
/stand/
/tmp/
/usr/
/usr/bin/
/usr/include/
/usr/lib/
/usr/libdata/
/usr/libexec/
/usr/local/
/usr/local
/usr
man
/usr/local
/usr/local/share
share/doc/port
/usr/obj/
/usr/src
/usr/ports/
/usr/sbin/
/usr/share/
/usr/src/
/usr/X11R6/
/var/
/var/log/
/var/mail/
/var/spool/
/var/tmp/
/var/yp/
readme.txt
README.TXT
.txt
foo
bar
readme.txt
foo/bar/readme.txt
c:/foo/bar/readme.txt
ls
/A1/B1
/A1/B2
/A1
/A2/B1
/A2/B2
join
/home
ad
da
acd
cd
fd
C:
/var
/usr
/
/dev
/usr
/usr/local
/var
log/
spool/
/var
/
fstab
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
   устройство   /точка-монтирования   тип файловой системы   опции   частота дампов   порядок проверки

mount
# mount устройство точка-монтирования

/etc/fstab
umount
init
init
ps
top
ps
% ps
  PID  TT  STAT      TIME COMMAND
  298  p0  Ss     0:01.10 tcsh
 7078  p0  S      2:40.88 xemacs mdoc.xsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
37393  p0  I      0:03.11 xemacs freebsd.dsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
48630  p0  S      2:50.89 /usr/local/lib/netscape-linux/navigator-linux-4.77.bi
48730  p0  IW     0:00.00 (dns helper) (navigator-linux-)
72210  p0  R+     0:00.00 ps
  390  p1  Is     0:01.14 tcsh
 7059  p2  Is+    1:36.18 /usr/local/bin/mutt -y
 6688  p3  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
10735  p4  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
20256  p5  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
  262  v0  IWs    0:00.00 -tcsh (tcsh)
  270  v0  IW+    0:00.00 /bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx -- -bpp 16
  280  v0  IW+    0:00.00 xinit /home/nik/.xinitrc -- -bpp 16
  284  v0  IW     0:00.00 /bin/sh /home/nik/.xinitrc
  285  v0  S      0:38.45 /usr/X11R6/bin/sawfish

% top
last pid: 72257;  load averages:  0.13,  0.09,  0.03    up 0+13:38:33  22:39:10
47 processes:  1 running, 46 sleeping
CPU states: 12.6% user,  0.0% nice,  7.8% system,  0.0% interrupt, 79.7% idle
Mem: 36M Active, 5256K Inact, 13M Wired, 6312K Cache, 15M Buf, 408K Free
Swap: 256M Total, 38M Used, 217M Free, 15% Inuse

  PID USERNAME PRI NICE  SIZE    RES STATE    TIME   WCPU    CPU COMMAND
72257 nik       28   0  1960K  1044K RUN      0:00 14.86%  1.42% top
 7078 nik        2   0 15280K 10960K select   2:54  0.88%  0.88% xemacs-21.1.14
  281 nik        2   0 18636K  7112K select   5:36  0.73%  0.73% XF86_SVGA
  296 nik        2   0  3240K  1644K select   0:12  0.05%  0.05% xterm
48630 nik        2   0 29816K  9148K select   3:18  0.00%  0.00% navigator-linu
  175 root       2   0   924K   252K select   1:41  0.00%  0.00% syslogd
 7059 nik        2   0  7260K  4644K poll     1:38  0.00%  0.00% mutt
...

named
httpd
lpd
sendmail
maild
root
httpd
httpd
inetd
/etc/inetd.conf
inetd
root
% ps -ax | grep inetd
  198  ??  IWs    0:00.00 inetd -wW

root
root
% su
Password:
# /bin/kill -s HUP 198

kill: PID: Operation not permitted
kill: PID: No
such process
/bin/kill
kill
/bin/kill
/bin/kill ...
/bin/kill -s KILL 1
sh
tcsh
zsh
bash
tcsh
bash
foobar
foo.bar
foo.bar
rm
fo[Tab].[Tab]
rm foo[BEEP].bar
foobar
foo.bar
USER
PATH
DISPLAY
SHELL
TERM
TERMCAP
OSTYPE
MACHTYPE
EDITOR
PAGER
MANPATH
tcsh
csh
setenv
sh
bash
export
EDITOR
/usr/local/bin/emacs
csh
tcsh
% setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs

% export EDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs"

echo $TERM
$TERM
echo *
ls
echo
echo $TERM
echo \$TERM
$TERM
chsh
EDITOR
chsh
bash
% chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash

chsh
/etc/shells
bash
/usr/local/bin
# echo "/usr/local/bin/bash" >> /etc/shells

chsh
ee filename
/etc/rc.conf
ee
/etc/rc.conf
/var/run/dmesg.boot
acd0
kbd0
/dev
# cd /dev
# sh MAKEDEV ad1

a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
GENERIC
a.out
man
% man command

ls
% man ls

cdmod
man
% man 1 chmod

chmod
chmod
man
% man -k mail

apropos
/usr/bin
% cd /usr/bin
% man -f *

% cd /usr/bin
% whatis *

info
% info

INSTALL
README
doc/
Makefile
configure
pkg_add
ghostscript
ghostscript-nox11
# ftp -a ftp2.FreeBSD.org
Connected to ftp2.FreeBSD.org.
220 ftp2.FreeBSD.org FTP server (Version 6.00LS) ready.
331 Guest login ok, send your email address as password.
230-
230-     This machine is in Vienna, VA, USA, hosted by Verio.
230-         Questions? E-mail freebsd@vienna.verio.net.
230-
230-
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/sysutils/
250 CWD command successful.
ftp> get lsof-4.56.4.tgz
local: lsof-4.56.4.tgz remote: lsof-4.56.4.tgz
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for 'lsof-4.56.4.tgz' (92375 bytes).
100% |**************************************************| 92375       00:00 ETA
226 Transfer complete.
92375 bytes received in 5.60 seconds (16.11 KB/s)
ftp> exit
# pkg_add lsof-4.56.4.tgz

# pkg_add -r lsof

PACKAGESITE
FTP_PASSIVE_MODE
FTP_PROXY
FTP_PASSWORD
.tgz
.tbz
/packages
/usr/ports
All
# pkg_info
cvsup-16.1          A general network file distribution system optimized for CV
docbook-1.2         Meta-port for the different versions of the DocBook DTD
...

# pkg_version
cvsup                       =
docbook                     =
...

# pkg_delete xchat-1.7.1

/var/db/pkg
Makefile
/usr/ports
/stand/sysinstall
# /stand/sysinstall

/usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile
net/cvsup
root
/usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile
/root
ports-supfile
cvsup
# cvsup -g -L 2 /root/ports-supfile

Makefile
Makefile
distinfo
files
pkg-descr
pkg-plist
pkg-message
whereis file
# whereis lsof
lsof: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof

lsof
/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
/usr/ports
make search name=program-name
lsof
# cd /usr/ports
# make search name=lsof
Port:   lsof-4.56.4
Path:   /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
Info:   Lists information about open files (similar to fstat(1))
Maint:  obrien@FreeBSD.org
Index:  sysutils
B-deps:
R-deps:

make search key=string
root
/cdrom
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof

lsof
make
# make
>> lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
>> Attempting to fetch from file:/cdrom/ports/distfiles/.
===>  Extracting for lsof-4.57
...
[выдача при распаковке опущена]
...
>> Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz.
===>  Patching for lsof-4.57
===>  Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57
===>  Configuring for lsof-4.57
...
[выдача при конфигурации опущена]
...
===>  Building for lsof-4.57
...
[выдача при компиляции опущена]
...
#

make
install
# make install
===>  Installing for lsof-4.57
...
[выдача при установке опущена]
...
===>   Generating temporary packing list
===>   Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57
===>   Registering installation for lsof-4.57
===>  SECURITY NOTE:
      This port has installed the following binaries which execute with
      increased privileges.
#

lsof
make install
make
make install
PATH
rehash
tcsh
shells/zsh
/usr/ports/distfiles
# make install
>> lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
>> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/.
Receiving lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz (439860 bytes): 100%
439860 bytes transferred in 18.0 seconds (23.90 kBps)
===>  Extracting for lsof-4.57
...
[выдача при распаковке опущена]
...
>> Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz.
===>  Patching for lsof-4.57
===>  Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57
===>  Configuring for lsof-4.57
...
[выдача процесса конфигурации опущена]
...
===>  Building for lsof-4.57
...
[выдача компиляции опущена]
...
===>  Installing for lsof-4.57
...
[выдача процедуры установки опущена]
...
===>   Generating temporary packing list
===>   Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57
===>   Registering installation for lsof-4.57
===>  SECURITY NOTE:
      This port has installed the following binaries which execute with
      increased privileges.
#

FTP_PASSIVE_MODE
FTP_PROXY
FTP_PASSWORD
make fetch
/usr/ports
/usr/ports/net
fetch
fetch-recursive
make
make fetch
MASTER_SITES
MASTER_SITES
# cd /usr/ports/directory
# make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE= \
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch

MASTER_SITES
ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/
www/mozilla
security/gpgme
mail/sylpheed-claws
PORTSDIR
PREFIX
# make PORTSDIR=/usr/home/example/ports install

/usr/home/example/ports
/usr/local
# make PREFIX=/usr/home/example/local install

/usr/ports
/usr/home/example/local
# make PORTSDIR=../ports PREFIX=../local install

imake
imake
PREFIX
/usr/X11R6
PREFIX
PREFIX
lsof
/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
xchat
make
deinstall
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
# make deinstall
===>  Deinstalling for lsof-4.57

lsof
make reinstall
/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
make deinstall
make reinstall
make clean
make clean
work
distfiles
refuse
sysutils/portupgrade
make install clean
pkgdb -F
/var/db/pkg
portupgrade -a
INDEX
portupgrade pkgname
pkgdb -F
ports/sysutils
# pkg_info -L foopackage-1.0.0 | less

man/
etc/
doc/
# pkg_info | grep -i foopackage

# pkg_info foopackage-1.0.0

/usr/local/etc/rc.d
make maintainer
Makefile
Makefile
ftp.FreeBSD.org
x11-wm
# cd /usr/ports/x11/XFree86
# make all install clean

# pkg_add -r XFree86

# cd /usr/ports/x11/XFree86-4
# make install clean

# XFree86 -configure

/root
XF86Config.new
$HOME
# XFree86 -xf86config XF86Config.new

XF86Config.new
XF86Config.new
Section "Monitor"
        Identifier   "Monitor0"
        VendorName   "Monitor Vendor"
        ModelName    "Monitor Model"
        HorizSync    30-107
        VertRefresh  48-120
EndSection

Option       "DPMS"

XF86Config.new
Section "Screen"
        Identifier "Screen0"
        Device     "Card0"
        Monitor    "Monitor0"
        DefaultDepth 24
        SubSection "Display"
                Depth     24
                Modes     "1024x768"
        EndSubSection
EndSection

-bpp
/etc/X11/XF86Config
/usr/X11R6/etc/X11/XF86Config
# cp XF86Config.new /etc/X11/XF86Config

x11/wrapper
xf86cfg -textmode
agpgart
GENERIC
device agp

agp.ko
/boot/loader.conf
agp_load="YES"

/dev
# cd /dev
# sh MAKEDEV agpgart

/boot/loader.conf
Option "NoDDC"

x11-fonts/urwfonts
x11-fonts/freefonts
# cd /usr/ports/x11-fonts/urwfonts
# make install clean

XF86Config
/etc/
/etc/X11/
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/URW/"

% xset fp+ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/URW
% xset fp rehash

~/.xinitrc
startx
~/.xsession
XftConfig
/etc/X11/XF86Config
Load  "freetype"

x11-servers/Xfstt
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
fonts.dir
ttmkfdir
x11-fonts/ttmkfdir
# cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
# ttmkfdir > fonts.dir

% xset fp+ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
% xset fp rehash

XF86Config
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/
~/.fonts/
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf
        <?xml version="1.0"?>
        <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
        <fontconfig>

/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/
~/.fonts/
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf
<dir>/path/to/my/fonts</dir>

# fc-cache -f

        <match target="font">
            <test name="size" compare="less">
                <double>14</double>
            </test>
            <edit name="antialias" mode="assign">
                <bool>false</bool>
            </edit>
        </match>

       <match target="pattern" name="family">
           <test qual="any" name="family">
               <string>fixed</string>
           </test>
           <edit name="family" mode="assign">
               <string>mono</string>
           </edit>
        </match>
        <match target="pattern" name="family">
            <test qual="any" name="family">
                <string>console</string>
            </test>
            <edit name="family" mode="assign">
                <string>mono</string>
            </edit>
        </match>

         <match target="pattern" name="family">
             <test qual="any" name="family">
                 <string>mono</string>
             </test>
             <edit name="spacing" mode="assign">
                 <int>100</int>
             </edit>
         </match>     

local.conf
         <match target="pattern" name="family">
             <test qual="any" name="family">
                 <string>Helvetica</string>
             </test>
             <edit name="family" mode="assign">
                 <string>sans-serif</string>
             </edit>
         </match>       

local.conf
x11-fonts/bitstream-vera
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf-vera
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf
.fonts.conf
~/.fonts.conf
local.conf
        <match target="font">
            <test qual="all" name="rgba">
                <const>unknown</const>
            </test>
            <edit name="rgba" mode="assign">
                <const>rgb</const>
            </edit>
        </match>

-DWITHOUT_XFT
/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm
root
/etc/ttys
/etc/ttys
ttyv8  "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon"  xterm   off secure

/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm
Xaccess
Xresources
Xservers
Xsession
Xsetup_
xdm-config
xdm-errors
xdm-pid
xdm-config
app-defaults
~/.xsession
Xsetup_
Xsetup_0
xconsole
~/.xsession-errors
xdm-config
! SECURITY: do not listen for XDMCP or Chooser requests
! Comment out this line if you want to manage X terminals with xdm
DisplayManager.requestPort:     0

Xaccess
# pkg_add -r gnome2

# cd /usr/ports/x11/gnome2
# make install clean

.xinitrc
% echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session" > ~/.xinitrc

startx
.xsession
% echo "#!/bin/sh" > ~/.xsession
% echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session" >> ~/.xsession
% chmod +x ~/.xsession

# pkg_add -r kde

# cd /usr/ports/x11/kde3
# make install clean

.xinitrc
% echo "exec startkde" > ~/.xinitrc

startx
.xsession
xdm
kcontrol
root
root
xterm
konsole
root
wheel
/etc/group
root
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession
case $# in
1)
        case $1 in
    failsafe)
                exec xterm -geometry 80x24-0-0
                ;;
        esac
esac

case $# in
1)
        case $1 in
        kde)
                exec /usr/local/bin/startkde
                ;;
        GNOME)
                exec /usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session
                ;;
        failsafe)
                exec xterm -geometry 80x24-0-0
                ;;
esac
esac

/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0
/usr/local/bin/kdmdesktop

/etc/ttys
/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm
/usr/local/bin/kdm
# pkg_add -r xfce4

# cd /usr/ports/x11-wm/xfce4
# make install clean

% echo "/usr/X11R6/bin/startxfce4" > ~/.xinitrc

xdm
.xsession
/usr/X11R6/bin/startxfce4

Название устройства	IRQ	Порт ввода-вывода	Примечания
Первый жесткий диск	нет	нет	40 GB, Seagate, первый IDE master
CDROM	нет	нет	Первый IDE slave
Второй жесткий диск	нет	нет	20 GB, IBM, второй IDE master
Первый IDE контроллер	14	0x1f0
Сетевая карта	нет	нет	Intel® 10/100
Модем	нет	нет	3Com® 56K факс-модем, COM1
...

Раздел	Файловая система	Размер	Описание
`a`	`/`	100 MB	Корневая файловая система. Любая другая файловая система будет смонтирована на эту. 100 MB это подходящий размер для этой файловой системы. Вы не будете хранить на ней слишком много данных, а обычная установка FreeBSD разместит здесь около 40 MB данных. Оставшееся пространство используется для временных файлов, а также оставляет возможность расширения для будущих версий FreeBSD, которым может понадобится больше места в `/`.
`b`	N/A	2-3 x RAM	Здесь находится раздел подкачки. Выбор правильного размера раздела подкачки это немного искусство. Хороший практический способ выбрать размер подкачки это установить его равным двум или трем размерам доступной физической памяти (RAM). Должно быть хотя бы 64 MB подкачки; если в компьютере меньше чем 32 MB памяти -- установите размер подкачки равным 64 MB. Если у вас больше одного диска, можно расположить подкачку на каждом диске. FreeBSD будет использовать каждый диск, что серьезно увеличит скорость подкачки. В этом случае, определите общий размер подкачки, который вам нужен (например, 128 MB), и поделите его на число имеющихся дисков (например, два) для определения размера разделов подкачки, которые нужно разместить на каждом вашем диске, в этом примере 64 MB на диск.
`e`	`/var`	50 MB	Каталог `/var` содержит файлы, которые постоянно меняются; логи и другие административные файлы. Многие из этих файлов интенсивно читаются и записываются в процессе ежедневной работы FreeBSD. Размещение их на отдельной файловой системе позволяет FreeBSD оптимизировать доступ к этим файлам без затрагивания других каталогов, не имеющих такой же модели доступа.
`f`	`/usr`	Остальная часть диска	Все другие файлы как правило хранятся в каталоге `/usr` и его подкаталогах.

Раздел	Файловая система	Размер	Описание
`b`	N/A	Смотрите описание	Как уже обсуждалось, вы можете распространить подкачку на каждый диск. Даже если раздел `a` свободен, соглашение говорит о том, что подкачка находится на разделе `b`.
`e`	/disk`n`	Остальная часть диска	Остальная часть диска занята одним большим разделом. Он легко может быть помещен на раздел `a` вместо раздела `e`. Однако, соглашение говорит что раздел `a` зарезервирован на слайсе для корневой (`/`) файловой системы. вы можете не следовать этому соглашению, но программа sysinstall будет ему следовать, поэтому приняв его, вы сделаете установку несколько проще. вы можете монтировать эти файловые системы к любой точке; в этом примере предлагается смонтировать их как каталоги `/diskn`, где `n` это номер, который уникален для каждого диска. Но вы можете использовать другую схему, если захотите.

	Extreme (Максимальный)	Moderate (Умеренный)
sendmail(8)	НЕТ	ДА
sshd(8)	НЕТ	ДА
portmap(8)	НЕТ	МОЖЕТ БЫТЬ [a]
NFS server	НЕТ	ДА
securelevel(8)	ДА [b]	НЕТ
Notes: a. Portmapper включен, если компьютер был настроен в процессе установки как NFS клиент или сервер. b. Если вы выберете профиль безопасности с уровнем ``Extreme'' или ``High'', будьте готовы к последствиям. Прочитайте страницу справочника init(8) и уделите некоторое внимание значениям уровней безопасности, или позже могут возникнуть серьезные проблемы!

Имя файла	Содержимое
`версия-mini.iso`	Все что вам нужно для установки FreeBSD.
`версия-disc1.iso`	Все что вам нужно для установки FreeBSD, и столько дополнительных пакетов сторонних производителей, сколько уместилось на диске.
`версия-disc2.iso`	``live filesystem'', используемая в сочетании со средством ``Repair'' программы sysinstall. Копия дерева CVS FreeBSD. Столько дополнительных пакетов сторонних производителей, сколько уместилось на диске.

Значение	Права доступа	Список файлов каталога
0	Ничего не разрешено	`---`
1	Нельзя читать и писать, разрешено исполнять	`--x`
2	Нельзя читать и исполнять, разрешено писать	`-w-`
3	Нельзя читать, разрешено писать и исполнять	`-wx`
4	Разрешено читать, нельзя писать и исполнять	`r--`
5	Разрешено читать и исполнять, нельзя писать	`r-x`
6	Разрешено читать и писать, нельзя исполнять	`rw-`
7	Разрешено все	`rwx`

Опция	Буква	Значение
(кто)	u	Пользователь (User)
(кто)	g	Группа (Group)
(кто)	o	Другие (Other)
(кто)	a	Все (All, ``world'')
(действие)	+	Добавление прав
(действие)	-	Удаление прав
(действие)	=	Явная установка прав
(права)	r	Чтение (Read)
(права)	w	Запись (Write)
(права)	x	Выполнение (Execute)
(права)	t	Sticky бит
(права)	s	SUID или SGID

Каталог	Описание
`/`	Корневой каталог файловой системы.
`/bin/`	Основные утилиты, необходимые для работы как в однопользовательском, так и в многопользовательском режимах.
`/boot/`	Программы и конфигурационные файлы, необходимые для нормальной загрузки операционной системы.
`/boot/defaults/`	Конфигурационные файлы с настройками по умолчанию, используемые в процессе загрузки операционной системы (см. loader.conf(5)).
`/dev/`	Файлы устройств (см. intro(4)).
`/etc/`	Основные конфигурационные файлы системы и скрипты.
`/etc/defaults/`	Основные конфигурационные файлы системы с настройками по умолчанию (см. rc(8)).
`/etc/mail/`	Конфигурационные файлы для систем обработки почты (например, sendmail(8)).
`/etc/namedb/`	Конфигурационные файлы для утилиты `named` (см. named(8)).
`/etc/periodic/`	Файлы сценариев, выполняемые ежедневно, еженедельно и ежемесячно (см. cron(8) и periodic(8)).
`/etc/ppp/`	Конфигурационные файлы для утилиты `ppp` (см. ppp(8)).
`/mnt/`	Пустой каталог, часто используемый системными администраторами как временная точка монтирования.
`/proc/`	Виртуальная файловая система, отображающая текущие процессы (см. see procfs(5), mount_procfs(8)).
`/root/`	Домашний каталог пользователя `root`.
`/sbin/`	Системные утилиты и утилиты администрирования, необходимые для работы как в однопользовательском, так и в многопользовательском режимах.
`/stand/`	Программы, необходимые для работы в автономном режиме (например, при установке системы).
`/tmp/`	Временный каталог (часто монтируется как mfs(8); обычно содержимое этого каталога теряется во время перезагрузки системы).
`/usr/`	Большинство пользовательских утилит и приложений.
`/usr/bin/`	Пользовательские утилиты и приложения общего назначения.
`/usr/include/`	Стандартные заголовочные файлы для языка C.
`/usr/lib/`	Файлы стандартных библиотек.
`/usr/libdata/`	Файлы данных для различных утилит.
`/usr/libexec/`	Системные даемоны и утилиты (выполняемые другими программами).
`/usr/local/`	Локальные пользовательские приложения, библиотеки, и т.д. Также используется по умолчанию коллекцией портов. Внутри `/usr/local` иерархия каталогов должна следовать hier(7) для `/usr`. Исключение составляют каталог `man`, который расположен непосредственно в `/usr/local`, а не в `/usr/local/share`, и документация портов, которая расположена в `share/doc/port`.
`/usr/obj/`	Архитектурно-зависимые файлы и каталоги, образующиеся в процессе сборки системы из исходных текстов в `/usr/src`.
`/usr/ports/`	Коллекция портов FreeBSD (опционально).
`/usr/sbin/`	Системные утилиты и утилиты администрирования (исполняемые пользователем).
`/usr/share/`	Архитектурно-независимые файлы.
`/usr/src/`	Исходные тексты BSD и/или программ.
`/usr/X11R6/`	Утилиты, приложения и библиотеки X11R6 (X Window System; необязательно).
`/var/`	Файлы журналов общего назначения, временные, перемещаемые файлы и файлы очередей.
`/var/log/`	Различные файлы системных журналов.
`/var/mail/`	Почтовые ящики пользователей.
`/var/spool/`	Файлы очередей печати, почты, и пр.
`/var/tmp/`	Временные файлы, которые необходимо сохранять между перезагрузками операционной системы.
`/var/yp/`	Карты (maps) NIS.

Раздел	Соглашение
`a`	Как правило, содержит корневую файловую систему
`b`	Как правило, содержит раздел подкачки
`c`	Как правило, такого же размера, что и весь слайс (slice). Это позволяет утилитам, которым нужно работать над всем слайсом (например, сканер плохих блоков), работать с разделом `c`. В обычной ситуации не нужно создавать файловую систему на этом разделе.
`d`	Раздел `d` создавался для специальных целей, хотя сейчас не используется. На настоящий момент, некоторые утилиты могут работать некорректно при попытке обращения к `d`, поэтому sysinstall обычно не создает раздел `d`.

Код	Значение
`ad`	ATAPI (IDE) диск
`da`	SCSI direct access диск
`acd`	ATAPI (IDE) CDROM
`cd`	SCSI CDROM
`fd`	Floppy disk

Имя	Значение
`ad0s1a`	Первый раздел (`a`) на первом слайсе (`s1`) первого IDE диска (`ad0`).
`da1s2e`	Пятый раздел (`e`) на втором слайсе (`s2`) второго SCSI диска (`da1`).

Переменная	Описание
`USER`	Имя текущего пользователя.
`PATH`	Каталоги, разделенные двоеточием, для поиска исполняемых файлов.
`DISPLAY`	Сетевое имя виртуального дисплея X11, доступного для подключения.
`SHELL`	Текущий командный интерпретатор.
`TERM`	Название (тип) терминала. Используется, чтобы узнать возможности терминала.
`TERMCAP`	Список escape-последовательностей для управления различными функциями терминала.
`OSTYPE`	Название (тип) операционной системы. Например, FreeBSD.
`MACHTYPE`	Архитектура машины (процессора).
`EDITOR`	Выбранный пользователем текстовый редактор.
`PAGER`	Выбранная пользователем утилита просмотра файлов.
`MANPATH`	Каталоги, разделенные двоеточием, для поиска файлов системного справочника.

Символ	Значение
=	Версия установленного пакаджа соответствует версии, находящейся в локальном дереве портов.
<	Установленная версия старее, чем та, что имеется в дереве портов.
>	Установленная версия новее чем та, что есть в дереве портов. (Скорее всего, локальное дерево портов устарело.)
?	В индексном файле портов установленный пакет не может быть найден. (Это может случиться, например, если установленный порт был удалён из коллекции портов или переименован.)
*	Имеется несколько версий пакета.

Файл	Описание
`Xaccess`	Правила авторизации клиентов.
`Xresources`	Значения ресурсов X по умолчанию.
`Xservers`	Список локальных и удаленных экранов.
`Xsession`	Сценарий сессии по умолчанию.
`Xsetup_`*	Скрипт для запуска приложений до появления приглашения к входу в систему.
`xdm-config`	Глобальный конфигурационный файл для всех экранов запущенных на локальной машине
`xdm-errors`	Ошибки сгенерированные серверной программой.
`xdm-pid`	ID процесса запущенного XDM.

Проект Документации FreeBSD

Предисловие

Целевая аудитория

Изменения во второй редакции

Структура этой книги

Договоренности, используемые в этой книге

Типографические договорённости

Пользовательский ввод

Примеры

Благодарности

I. В начале

Chapter 1 Введение

Chapter 2 Установка FreeBSD

Chapter 3 Основы UNIX

Chapter 4 Установка приложений: порты и пакаджи